RESEARCH PAPER
Non-Linearity of Connections in the Equivalent Cantilever Beam Method (ECBM) for Stressed Skin Diaphragms Modelling
 
More details
Hide details
1
Department of Building Structures and Structural Mechanics, Bialystok University of Technology, Poland
 
2
Structure Cladding Interaction Technology Innovation Centre, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
 
3
Department of Building Structures, Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
 
 
Submission date: 2026-04-23
 
 
Final revision date: 2026-06-27
 
 
Acceptance date: 2026-06-27
 
 
Publication date: 2026-08-14
 
 
Corresponding author
Marcin GRYNIEWICZ   

Department of Building Structures and Structural Mechanics, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45, 15-351, Bialystok, Poland
 
 
Acta Mechanica et Automatica 2026;20(3):550-562
 
HIGHLIGHTS
  • • Sheeting can play a stabilisation role by reducing horizontal movements of frames
  • • The main components in structural analysis with sheeting are connections
  • • Connections can be simulated using the simplified method with advanced options
  • • The Equivalent Cantilever Beam Method (ECBM) allows connections non-linearity
  • • The ECBM results have been validated following a hierarchical approach
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Stressed-skin diaphragm action occurs when cladding, typically thin steel sheets or two sheets encapsulating insulation, significantly contributes to a structure’s global stiffness. Ignoring this effect in design can lead to inaccurate assessment, particularly under hori-zontal loads. The Equivalent Cantilever Beam Method (ECBM), considered an extension of the Component Method, models the flexibility of connections using equivalent cantilever beams composed of standard finite element members available in engineering analysis software. Earlier applications of the ECBM were limited to the elastic range of connector behaviour. This study introduces a nonlinear extension of the method by incorporating material yielding into the equivalent beams, enabling plastic redistribution of forces without specialised nonlinear springs. A hierar-chical validation is presented: single-connector behaviour, a diaphragm panel against tests and ECCS predictions, and a full 3D building against an advanced reference model. Results demonstrate excellent agreement, indicating that the proposed method provides a practical and deployable solution for including stressed-skin effects in routine structural design models. The ECBM still follows the analytical framework of ECCS Recommendations No. 88, extending its applicability while maintaining its original simplifications and assumptions. Despite these limitations, the method may support the practical assessment of clad steel structures, including cases involving parasitic diaphragm action and the possible reduction or elimination of roof-plane bracing.
REFERENCES (36)
1.
Godfrey DA, Bryan ER. The Calculated and Observed Effects of Dead Loads and Dynamic Crane Loads on The Framework of a Workshops Building. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 1959;13:197–214.
 
2.
Bryan ER. The Stressed Skin Design of Steel Buildings. London: Crosby Lockwood Staples; 1972.
 
3.
Davies JM. Calculation of steel diaphragm behaviour. Journal of the Structural Division. 1976;ST7:1411–30.
 
4.
Davies JM, Bryan ER. Manual of Stressed Skin Diaphragm Design. John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated; 1982.
 
5.
BSI. BS 5950-9 Structural use of steelwork in building. Part 9., Code of practice for stressed skin design. London: British Standards Institution; 1994.
 
6.
ECCS. European Recommendations for the Application of Metal Sheet-ing Acting as a Diaphragm. Stressed Skin Design. No. 88. European Convention for Constructional Steelwork ECCS-TWG 7.5; 1995.
 
7.
CEN. EN 1993-1-3 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-3: General rules - Supplementary rules for cold-formed members and sheeting. 2009.
 
8.
Gryniewicz M, Roberts MJ, Davies JM. Testing and analysis of a full-scale steel-framed building including the consideration of structure-cladding interaction. Journal of Constructional Steel Research. 2021;181:106611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr....
 
9.
SCOSS Alert: Effects of scale - The Institution of Structural Engi-neers; 2018.
 
10.
Wrzesien AM, Lim JBP, Xu Y, MacLeod IA, Lawson RM. Effect of stressed skin action on the behaviour of cold-formed steel portal frames. Engineering Structures. 2015;105:123–36.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engs....
 
11.
Roberts MJ, Davies JM. Structure cladding interaction in sandwich panel roofs. Structures. 2023;57:105064.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istr....
 
12.
Davies JM, Roberts MJ, Wang YC. Stressed skin theory and structure cladding interaction: Safety concerns with Big Sheds. Thin-Walled Structures. 2021;169:108415.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.....
 
13.
Nagy Z, Bács B, Kelemen A, Sánduly A, Nagy Ö, Lőrincz B. Rafter-purlin connection stiffness impact on the stress skin effect of corrugat-ed sheet claddings. Thin-Walled Structures. 2023;185:110615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.....
 
14.
Nagy Zs, Pop A, Moiș I, Ballok R. Stressed Skin Effect on the Elastic Buckling of Pitched Roof Portal Frames. Structures. 2016;8:227–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istr....
 
15.
Davies JM. The plastic collapse of framed structures clad with corru-gated steel sheeting. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 1973;55:23–42. https://doi.org/10.1680/iicep.....
 
16.
Atrek E, Nilson A. Non-linear finite element analysis of light gage steel shear diaphragms. Center for Cold-Formed Steel Structures Library [In-ternet]. 1976; Available from: http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/cc....
 
17.
Ahmed A, Zhu X, Walport F, Hu T, Gardner L. Simulation and behav-iour of single-span portal frames, Part I: Model development and valida-tion. Engineering Structures. 2025;343:120984.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engs....
 
18.
Zhu X, Ahmed A, Walport F, Gardner L. Simulation and behaviour of single-span portal frames, Part II: Parametric analysis and practical im-plications. Engineering Structures. 2025;343:121138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engs....
 
19.
Gryniewicz M, Szlendak JK. Application of the Finite Element Method in modelling of the roof diaphragm (in Polish). 61 Konferencja Naukowa KILiW PAN oraz KN PZIiTB Krynica-Bydgoszcz. Krynica, Poland; 2015.
 
20.
Gryniewicz M, Szlendak JK. The influence of roof sheeting interaction on the displacements of the steel hall structure, (in Polish). Inżynieria i Budownictwo. 2016; 72(8):431–4.
 
21.
Gryniewicz M, Szlendak JK. FEM model of the steel building roof includes stressed skin diaphragm action effects. In: Marcinowski J, edi-tor. Proceedings of the XIII International Conference on Metal Struc-tures. Zielona Góra, Poland: CRC Press. 2016;93–100. https://doi.org/10.1201/b21417....
 
22.
Roberts M. Modelling structure cladding interaction in large single-storey steel-framed buildings. PhD Thesis. University of Manchester, United Kingdom; 2023.
 
23.
Gryniewicz M. The method of modelling of steel halls structures cov-ered by trapezoidal sheeting (in Polish) [Thesis]. Bialystok University of Technology; Poland; 2018.
 
24.
Nagy Z, Kelemen A, Nedelcu M. The influence on portal frame buckling of different cladding systems — A comparative numerical study consid-ering stressed skin effect. Thin-Walled Structures. 2023;182:110310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.....
 
25.
Ahmed E, Wan Badaruzzaman WH. Finite element prediction on the structural performance of profiled steel sheet dry board structural com-posite system proposed as a disaster relief shelter. Construction and Building Materials. 2005;19:285–95.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb....
 
26.
Korcz N, Urbańska-Galewska E. Influence of fasteners and connec-tions flexibility on deflections of steel building including the stressed skin effect. Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olszt-yn. 2018;nr 21(2).
 
27.
Korcz-Konkol N, Iwicki P. Stability of roof trusses stiffened by trape-zoidal sheeting and purlins. MATEC Web Conf. 2018;219:02006. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecc....
 
28.
Nagy Z, Mois I, Pop A, Dezo A. The influence of purlin-to-beam con-nection stiffness in stress skin action on portal frames. Conference: Eighth International Conference on THIN-WALLED STRUCTURES − ICTWS 2018. Lisbon, Portugal; 2018.
 
29.
Gryniewicz M. Flexibility analysis of typical roof diaphragms in steel structures using the equivalent connectors method. Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines. Taylor & Francis; 2024;52:6539–51.https://doi.org/10.1080/153977....
 
30.
Davies J, Roberts M, Wang Y. Recent Developments in Stressed Skin Theory. Eighth International Conference on THIN-WALLED STRUC-TURES − ICTWS 2018. Lisbon, Portugal; 2018.
 
31.
Roberts MJ, Davies JM, Wang YC. Numerical analysis of a clad portal frame structure tested to destruction. Structures. 2021;33:3779–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istr....
 
32.
Davies JM, Brown BA. Plastic design to BS 5950. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 1996.
 
33.
Bryan ER, El-Dakhakhni WM. Shear Flexibility and Strength of Corru-gated Decks. Journal of the Structural Division. American Society of Civil Engineers; 1968;94:2549–80.https://doi.org/10.1061/JSDEAG....
 
34.
Lőrincz B-A, Nagy Z, Kelemen AR, Lőrincz-Molnár S-B. Two-side fastened trapezoidal sheet diaphragms: Investigation of the diaphragm-to-rafter connection. Journal of Constructional Steel Research. 2026;245:110527.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr....
 
35.
Gryniewicz M. Research on Initial Behavior of Screwed Lap Connec-tions of Thin Plates – Experimental Tests and FEM Analysis. Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering. 2021;65:1072–9.https://doi.org/10.3311/PPci.1....
 
36.
Roberts MJ, Davies JM, Wang YC. Modern cladding systems for big sheds: The emerging state of the art. Thin-Walled Structures. 2022;175:109264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.....
 
eISSN:2300-5319
ISSN:1898-4088
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top